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Racetam Mega Stack

Racetam Mega Stack

Legal in NLNootropic
Onset
Duration
Intensity6/10

Always start with a low dose and read our safety guidelines before use.

A comprehensive blend containing multiple racetams (piracetam, oxiracetam, aniracetam) with supporting compounds like choline and noopept. Designed for maximum cognitive enhancement across multiple domains including memory, focus, and creativity. Premium nootropic option in Dutch smartshops.

Luke Sholl
Written by
Luke Sholl
Medically reviewed by
Adam Parsons
Last updated

Overview

Racetam Mega Stack represents a sophisticated approach to cognitive enhancement that combines multiple racetam compounds into a single formulation. This nootropic category encompasses various synthetic compounds belonging to the racetam family, typically including piracetam, oxiracetam, aniracetam, and sometimes pramiracetam or phenylpiracetam. These stacks are designed to leverage the synergistic effects of different racetams, each contributing unique cognitive benefits while potentially amplifying overall nootropic effects.

The racetam family, first discovered in the 1960s, represents one of the most extensively studied classes of nootropics. Users typically seek racetam mega stacks for their reported ability to enhance memory formation, improve focus and concentration, increase mental clarity, and support overall cognitive function. Unlike stimulants, racetams generally don't produce immediate euphoric effects but rather subtle, sustained improvements in cognitive performance that may become more apparent with consistent use over time.

The appeal of mega stacks lies in their comprehensive approach to cognitive enhancement. While individual racetams may excel in specific areas—piracetam for memory, oxiracetam for logical thinking, aniracetam for creativity and anxiety reduction—combining them theoretically provides broader cognitive support. However, this complexity also introduces additional variables regarding dosing, interactions, and individual responses.

These compounds occupy a unique regulatory position in many countries, including the Netherlands, where they exist in a gray area between supplements and pharmaceuticals. While generally considered safe with a low toxicity profile, racetam mega stacks require careful consideration of dosing, timing, and individual tolerance. The growing interest in cognitive enhancement has made these stacks increasingly popular among students, professionals, and biohackers seeking to optimize mental performance, though scientific evidence for many claimed benefits remains limited and individual responses can vary significantly.

How It Works

Racetam mega stacks exert their effects through multiple, interconnected mechanisms within the brain, primarily targeting neurotransmitter systems and cellular energy metabolism. The fundamental mechanism shared across racetam compounds involves modulation of AMPA receptors, which are crucial for synaptic plasticity and learning. By enhancing AMPA receptor function, racetams facilitate more efficient communication between neurons, potentially improving memory formation and recall processes.

Each component in a typical mega stack contributes distinct pharmacological actions. Piracetam, the prototypical racetam, primarily enhances acetylcholine function and increases membrane fluidity in brain cells, improving cellular communication and potentially protecting against age-related cognitive decline. It also appears to increase blood flow to the brain and enhance glucose utilization by neural tissue, providing better energy supply for cognitive processes.

Oxiracetam demonstrates stronger AMPA receptor activity compared to piracetam and additionally influences acetylcholine release and D-aspartic acid levels. This compound is particularly noted for its effects on logical reasoning and analytical thinking. Aniracetam, being fat-soluble unlike its water-soluble counterparts, crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily and modulates both AMPA receptors and dopamine/serotonin systems, contributing to its reported anxiolytic and mood-enhancing properties alongside cognitive benefits.

The synergistic effects of combining multiple racetams may result from their complementary mechanisms acting on different aspects of neurotransmission and cellular metabolism. Some users report that combinations produce effects greater than the sum of individual compounds, though scientific validation of these synergistic claims remains limited. The compounds also appear to influence brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and other growth factors that support neuroplasticity and long-term brain health.

Racetams generally require consistent use over days to weeks to achieve full effects, suggesting they work by gradually optimizing neural networks rather than providing immediate pharmacological stimulation. This delayed onset may reflect the time needed for receptor upregulation, improved membrane dynamics, and enhanced mitochondrial function in brain cells.

What It Looks Like

Racetam mega stacks typically appear as white to off-white crystalline powders when sold in bulk form, though individual racetams may have slightly different textures and appearances. Piracetam usually presents as a fine, white powder with a slightly bitter taste, while oxiracetam tends to be more crystalline with a distinctly bitter, metallic flavor. Aniracetam often appears as a coarser, white to cream-colored powder with a notably bitter and somewhat unpleasant taste that many users find challenging to consume directly.

Commercial mega stack formulations are commonly available in several forms. Capsulated versions typically contain pre-measured combinations in clear or colored gelatin or vegetarian capsules, making dosing more convenient and masking the bitter taste. Tablet forms may be compressed with binding agents and sometimes include additional ingredients like choline sources or other nootropics. Some suppliers offer custom powder blends that users can measure themselves, usually packaged in sealed foil pouches or small containers.

Packaging varies significantly between suppliers, ranging from professional pharmaceutical-style bottles with proper labeling to simple plastic bags or containers. Legitimate products should include clear labeling indicating the specific racetams included, their individual amounts, and total serving sizes. Quality suppliers often provide certificates of analysis or third-party testing results.

Identifying authentic racetam products can be challenging due to the lack of standardized appearance and the existence of various adulterants or substitutes in the market. Common adulterants include inert fillers like mannitol, lactose, or cornstarch, which may dilute potency. More concerning are instances where cheaper compounds or entirely different substances are substituted. The bitter taste characteristic of most racetams can serve as a basic authenticity check, though this method is unreliable and potentially dangerous. Professional testing through analytical laboratories remains the only definitive method for verifying composition and purity.

What to Expect

The subjective experience of racetam mega stacks differs markedly from traditional stimulants or psychoactive substances, characterized by subtle, gradual improvements in cognitive function rather than dramatic or immediately noticeable effects. Users typically report that the onset is slow and cumulative, with initial effects becoming apparent anywhere from 30 minutes to several hours after consumption, and full benefits often requiring consistent daily use over weeks.

At lower doses, users commonly describe enhanced mental clarity and reduced brain fog, with thoughts feeling more organized and accessible. Many report improved ability to focus on complex tasks for extended periods without the jittery side effects associated with stimulants. Reading comprehension and information retention often feel enhanced, with some users noting they can absorb and process written material more efficiently. Mathematical and logical reasoning tasks may feel less mentally taxing, and problem-solving approaches can seem more systematic and thorough.

Memory effects are frequently reported as one of the most noticeable benefits, particularly improved working memory and the ability to hold multiple pieces of information in mind simultaneously. Long-term memory formation may also be enhanced, with users reporting better recall of information learned while under the influence of the stack. Some individuals describe a heightened ability to make connections between disparate pieces of information, leading to improved creative thinking and insight generation.

At moderate doses, the cognitive enhancement effects typically intensify without significant side effects in most users. Verbal fluency often improves, with users reporting easier access to vocabulary and more articulate expression of complex ideas. Social anxiety may decrease, particularly with aniracetam-containing stacks, leading to more confident communication and reduced inhibition in social or professional settings.

Higher doses may produce more pronounced effects but also increase the likelihood of side effects such as headaches, irritability, or overstimulation. Some users report feeling "wired" or experiencing difficulty sleeping if doses are taken too late in the day. The experience duration typically ranges from 4-8 hours for most racetams, though aniracetam tends to have a shorter duration while oxiracetam may last longer.

Individual responses vary considerably, with some users experiencing dramatic improvements while others notice minimal effects. Factors influencing response include baseline cognitive function, individual brain chemistry, diet, sleep quality, and concurrent supplement use. The cumulative nature of racetam effects means that benefits often become more apparent with consistent use over time rather than from single doses.

Preparation & Consumption

Racetam mega stacks can be consumed through several routes of administration, each with distinct advantages and considerations. Oral consumption remains the most common and practical method, typically involving either pre-made capsules, tablets, or measured powder doses mixed with liquid. When using powder forms, accurate measurement is crucial, requiring a precision scale capable of measuring milligrams, as racetam doses typically range from hundreds of milligrams to several grams total.

For powder consumption, many users mix their measured dose with water, juice, or other beverages to mask the characteristically bitter taste of most racetams. Orange juice, cranberry juice, or flavored drinks work well for this purpose. Some individuals prefer to use the "toss and wash" method, placing the powder directly on the tongue and following immediately with liquid, though this requires tolerance for the bitter taste and carries risk of choking if not executed properly.

Sublingual administration, where powder is held under the tongue for absorption through mucous membranes, may provide faster onset but is generally impractical due to the large doses required and extremely bitter taste. This method is rarely used with racetam mega stacks due to these limitations.

Dosing guidance varies significantly depending on the specific racetams included and their ratios. A typical mega stack might contain 800-1600mg piracetam, 400-800mg oxiracetam, and 200-750mg aniracetam, though these amounts can vary widely between formulations. Beginning users should start with the lowest recommended doses and gradually increase over several days or weeks to assess individual tolerance and response. Taking racetams with food may help reduce potential gastrointestinal upset, though absorption may be slightly delayed.

Timing of consumption significantly impacts the experience. Most users prefer morning or early afternoon dosing to avoid potential sleep interference. Some individuals find splitting doses throughout the day provides more consistent effects, while others prefer single larger doses. The fat-soluble nature of aniracetam means it should ideally be taken with dietary fats for optimal absorption.

Choline supplementation is frequently recommended alongside racetam use, as these compounds may increase acetylcholine utilization, potentially leading to headaches if choline stores become depleted. Common choline sources include alpha-GPC, CDP-choline, or choline bitartrate, typically taken in doses ranging from 250-500mg.

Safety First

Racetam mega stacks are generally considered to have a favorable safety profile compared to many other cognitive enhancers, but several important safety considerations must be addressed. The most significant concern involves the lack of comprehensive long-term safety data for combined racetam use, as most research focuses on individual compounds rather than stacks. This uncertainty necessitates a cautious approach, particularly for extended use periods.

Contraindications include pregnancy and breastfeeding, as safety data for these populations is insufficient. Individuals with kidney disease should exercise particular caution, as racetams are primarily eliminated through renal excretion, and impaired kidney function could lead to accumulation and potential toxicity. Those with bleeding disorders or taking anticoagulant medications should consult healthcare providers before use, as some racetams may affect blood clotting parameters.

Drug interactions represent another critical safety consideration. Racetams may potentiate the effects of other cognitive enhancers, stimulants, or psychiatric medications, potentially leading to overstimulation or unexpected side effects. Particular caution is warranted when combining with prescription medications affecting neurotransmitter systems, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, or ADHD medications. The interaction potential increases with mega stacks due to the multiple active compounds involved.

Common side effects include headaches, which are often attributed to increased acetylcholine demand and may be mitigated by choline supplementation. Gastrointestinal upset, including nausea or stomach discomfort, can occur, particularly on an empty stomach. Sleep disturbances may result from late-day dosing or individual sensitivity. Some users report irritability, anxiety, or mood changes, particularly at higher doses or with certain combinations.

More serious but rare adverse effects may include severe headaches, significant mood alterations, or allergic reactions. Any persistent or severe side effects warrant immediate discontinuation and medical consultation. The cumulative nature of racetam effects means that adverse reactions may develop gradually rather than immediately, requiring ongoing self-monitoring.

Quality and purity concerns represent significant safety risks in the unregulated nootropics market. Contaminated or adulterated products may contain harmful substances or incorrect dosages. Third-party testing, when available, provides the best assurance of product quality. Users should source products from reputable suppliers with transparent testing practices and avoid unusually cheap products that may indicate poor quality or adulteration.

Individual factors affecting safety include age, overall health status, concurrent medications, and individual sensitivity to cognitive enhancers. Older adults may be more susceptible to side effects, while individuals with psychiatric conditions may experience unpredictable responses. Starting with minimal doses and gradual titration helps identify individual tolerance levels and minimize risk.

History & Cultural Context

The racetam story begins in 1964 when Belgian scientist Corneliu Giurgea synthesized piracetam while working for the pharmaceutical company UCB. Giurgea was initially investigating compounds that might help with motion sickness, but his creation demonstrated unexpected cognitive-enhancing properties that didn't fit existing pharmacological categories. This discovery led Giurgea to coin the term "nootropic" in 1972, derived from Greek words meaning "mind-turning," establishing criteria that these substances should enhance learning and memory while being non-toxic and free from significant side effects.

Following piracetam's development, pharmaceutical research expanded to create additional racetam compounds throughout the 1970s and 1980s. Oxiracetam was developed in the late 1970s, followed by aniracetam in the 1980s, each designed to improve upon piracetam's cognitive effects while addressing specific limitations. These compounds were initially investigated as potential treatments for cognitive decline, dementia, and various neurological conditions, with some achieving pharmaceutical approval in European countries for specific medical applications.

The concept of combining multiple racetams into "mega stacks" emerged much later, primarily within online nootropics communities in the early 2000s. This approach reflected the biohacker philosophy of optimizing human performance through systematic experimentation with various compounds. Early adopters shared experiences on forums and websites, developing informal protocols and combination strategies based on theoretical synergies and anecdotal reports rather than formal research.

Cultural perception of racetams has evolved significantly over decades. Initially viewed primarily as potential pharmaceuticals for treating cognitive impairment, they gradually gained attention among healthy individuals seeking cognitive enhancement. The rise of internet culture, competitive academic environments, and demanding professional landscapes contributed to growing interest in cognitive optimization tools.

The regulatory landscape varies globally, with racetams occupying different legal categories across jurisdictions. In some European countries, certain racetams are available as prescription medications for specific conditions, while in others they exist in regulatory gray areas as research chemicals or dietary supplements. The United States FDA has taken a more restrictive stance, generally not recognizing racetams as dietary supplements, though enforcement varies.

Modern nootropics culture has embraced racetam mega stacks as foundational tools for cognitive enhancement, with online communities sharing detailed protocols, experiences, and theoretical frameworks for optimization. This grassroots development has occurred largely outside traditional pharmaceutical research channels, creating a unique cultural phenomenon where users serve as both researchers and test subjects in their pursuit of cognitive enhancement.

Emergency Guidance

While racetam mega stacks are generally considered low-risk substances, emergency situations can arise, particularly with high doses, individual sensitivities, or interactions with other substances. Recognizing warning signs and knowing appropriate responses can prevent minor issues from escalating into serious medical emergencies.

Immediate warning signs requiring attention include severe headaches that don't respond to typical pain relief measures, significant changes in heart rate or blood pressure, severe nausea or vomiting, difficulty breathing, chest pain, or sudden onset of confusion or disorientation. Allergic reactions, though rare, may manifest as skin rashes, swelling, or respiratory difficulties and require immediate medical attention.

For mild to moderate adverse reactions, the first step involves discontinuing the racetam stack immediately and ensuring the individual remains in a safe, comfortable environment. Severe headaches, the most common concerning side effect, may respond to hydration, rest, and over-the-counter pain relievers, though persistent or worsening headaches warrant medical evaluation. Providing choline supplementation may help if the headache is related to acetylcholine depletion.

If someone experiences significant anxiety, agitation, or panic-like symptoms, maintaining a calm environment and providing reassurance can be helpful. Encourage slow, deep breathing and remind the individual that these effects are temporary. However, if symptoms are severe or persistent, professional medical evaluation is appropriate.

For suspected overdose situations, contact emergency services immediately. While racetam toxicity is rare, extremely high doses could potentially cause serious complications. Provide emergency responders with as much information as possible about the specific compounds consumed, dosages, timing, and any other substances involved.

When calling for medical help, be prepared to provide specific information about the racetam stack composition, as many healthcare providers may be unfamiliar with these compounds. Having product labels or documentation available can assist medical professionals in providing appropriate care. Be honest about all substances consumed, as this information is crucial for proper treatment and is protected by medical confidentiality.

For ongoing support after an adverse reaction, consider consulting with healthcare providers familiar with nootropics or cognitive enhancement substances. Some individuals may benefit from gradual reintroduction at lower doses after a washout period, while others may need to avoid racetams entirely. Documenting the experience, including specific products used, dosages, timing, and symptoms, can provide valuable information for future decisions and potentially help others in the community avoid similar issues.

Legal Status in NL

Legal

Available in 160 shops across 61 cities. Most shops in Amsterdam (28), Rotterdam (13), Groningen (9).

Dosage Guide

Experience Timeline

Onset30-90 minutes
Peak2-4 hours
Plateau4-8 hours
Comedown2-4 hours
Afterglowup to 48 hours
oralsublingual

Effect Profile

Visual1Auditory1Cognitive8Emotional3Physical2

Positive Effects

Enhanced memory formation and recallImproved focus and concentrationIncreased mental clarityBetter verbal fluencyEnhanced learning capacityImproved pattern recognitionIncreased motivation for mental tasksBetter information processing speed

Side Effects

Headaches (especially without choline)Irritability and mood swingsInsomnia or sleep disturbancesOverstimulation and jitterinessNausea or gastrointestinal upsetBrain fog (paradoxical effect)Anxiety or restlessnessFatigue during comedown

Safety & Harm Reduction

Harm Reduction Tips

  • Start with single racetams before attempting stacks to assess individual tolerance
  • Always supplement with a choline source to prevent headaches
  • Use an accurate milligram scale for powder dosing
  • Keep detailed logs of doses, timing, and effects
  • Take regular breaks to prevent tolerance and assess baseline cognitive function
  • Stay well-hydrated throughout the day
  • Avoid daily use to prevent dependence on cognitive enhancement
  • Research each individual racetam's properties before combining
  • Start with lower doses when stacking multiple compounds
  • Consult healthcare providers if you have neurological conditions

Emergency Information

If experiencing severe headaches, discontinue use immediately and increase choline intake. Seek medical attention for persistent cognitive impairment, severe mood changes, or any concerning neurological symptoms. Contact poison control or emergency services if overdose is suspected.

Interactions

AlcoholCaution
May reduce cognitive benefits and increase risk of headaches
CannabisCaution
May alter cognitive effects unpredictably
SSRIs/SNRIsCaution
Potential for altered serotonin effects, monitor mood changes
MAOIsCaution
Unknown interactions with cholinergic modulation
StimulantsCaution
May increase overstimulation and anxiety, monitor heart rate
BenzodiazepinesCaution
May counteract cognitive enhancement effects
ModafinilCaution
Potential for overstimulation and increased side effects
Choline supplementsSafe
Often recommended to prevent headaches and enhance effects

Experience Levels

As a first-time user, expect subtle rather than dramatic changes. You might notice improved focus within the first hour, with enhanced ability to concentrate on tasks and reduced mental fatigue. Memory improvements typically develop over several days of consistent use. Some beginners experience mild stimulation similar to caffeine but cleaner and longer-lasting. The combination of multiple racetams may produce a more well-rounded cognitive enhancement compared to single compounds. Start with half the recommended dose and take with food to minimize potential stomach upset. Common initial side effects include mild headaches, which usually indicate the need for additional choline or better hydration. Sleep quality might be affected if taken too late in the day. Keep expectations realistic - this isn't a limitless pill but rather a gentle cognitive support tool. Track your daily experiences, noting both positive effects and any discomfort. The noopept component may provide quicker onset effects, while traditional racetams build benefits over time. Be patient and consistent for the first two weeks to properly assess your individual response.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is Racetam Mega Stack legal in the Netherlands?

Yes, Racetam Mega Stack is completely legal in the Netherlands. All individual components including piracetam, oxiracetam, aniracetam, choline, and noopept are unregulated substances. You can legally purchase, possess, and use this nootropic stack without any legal concerns.

What dosage should I start with for Racetam Mega Stack?

Start with the lowest recommended dose on the product packaging, typically 1/4 to 1/2 of the full serving size. Begin with once daily dosing, preferably with food to enhance absorption and reduce potential stomach upset. Gradually increase over several days to assess your individual tolerance and response.

How long does it take for Racetam Mega Stack to work?

Effects can vary significantly between individuals and components. Some users report subtle improvements in focus within 30-60 minutes, while memory and learning benefits may take several days to weeks of consistent use to become apparent. The choline component typically works faster than the racetams themselves.

What effects can I expect from Racetam Mega Stack?

Users commonly report enhanced focus, improved memory formation and recall, increased mental clarity, and better information processing. Some experience enhanced creativity and verbal fluency. Effects are typically subtle rather than dramatic, and individual responses vary considerably based on brain chemistry and lifestyle factors.

Are there any side effects or risks with Racetam Mega Stack?

Common side effects include headaches (often due to insufficient choline), irritability, insomnia if taken late in the day, and occasional digestive upset. Some users experience increased anxiety or overstimulation. Start with low doses and ensure adequate hydration and nutrition to minimize adverse effects.

Can Racetam Mega Stack interact with medications?

Racetams may interact with blood thinners due to potential anticoagulant effects. They could also interact with medications affecting neurotransmitter systems. Always consult your healthcare provider before combining with prescription medications, especially those for neurological or psychiatric conditions.

Where can I buy Racetam Mega Stack in the Netherlands?

Racetam Mega Stack is available at various Dutch smartshops, both online and in physical stores. Look for reputable vendors that provide detailed product information and third-party testing results. Online nootropic retailers often offer better selection and competitive pricing.

Can I travel with Racetam Mega Stack?

Within the EU, you can generally travel with racetams for personal use, but check destination country laws first. For international travel outside the EU, research customs regulations as some countries may restrict or prohibit these substances. Keep products in original packaging with labels.

Should I cycle Racetam Mega Stack or take it continuously?

Many users cycle racetams to prevent tolerance and maintain effectiveness. Common protocols include 5 days on, 2 days off, or several weeks on followed by a week break. Continuous daily use is also practiced by some, but cycling may help preserve long-term benefits.

How does Racetam Mega Stack compare to single racetams?

The stack combines multiple racetams with different mechanisms, potentially offering broader cognitive benefits than individual compounds. However, this also increases complexity and potential for side effects. Single racetams allow for more precise dosing and easier identification of individual responses.

What should I avoid while using Racetam Mega Stack?

Avoid alcohol as it may counteract cognitive benefits and increase side effects. Limit caffeine intake as the combination may cause overstimulation. Don't take late in the day if you're sensitive to sleep disruption, and avoid other stimulants without careful consideration.

Is Racetam Mega Stack suitable for students?

Many students use racetam stacks for studying, but results vary individually. They may help with focus and memory consolidation during learning. However, they're not magic pills and work best combined with proper study techniques, adequate sleep, and good nutrition.

How long can I safely use Racetam Mega Stack?

Long-term safety data for racetam combinations is limited. Many users take them for months or years without apparent issues, but periodic breaks are advisable. Monitor your response and consider regular health check-ups if using long-term, especially regarding liver function.

What's the best time of day to take Racetam Mega Stack?

Most users prefer morning dosing to avoid potential sleep interference. Taking with breakfast can improve absorption and reduce stomach upset. Some split doses throughout the day, but avoid late afternoon or evening dosing if you're sensitive to stimulation.

Do I need to take choline supplements with Racetam Mega Stack?

Most quality racetam stacks already include choline sources, but additional choline may still be beneficial for some users. If you experience headaches, consider adding more choline through supplements or dietary sources like eggs. Monitor your individual response to determine needs.

How It ComparesRacetam Mega Stack

DimensionRacetam Mega StackLion's ManeMucuna PruriensBacopa Monnieri
IntensityModerate (4-6/10)Mild (2/10)Mild-moderate (3/10)Mild (2/10)
Onset Time30-60 minutes (acute), days-weeks (full)2-4 weeks (cumulative)1-2 hours4-6 weeks (full effects)
Duration4-8 hours (acute), ongoing with useOngoing with daily use4-6 hoursOngoing with daily use
Legal Status NLLegalLegalLegalLegal
Risk ProfileLow-moderate (headaches, overstimulation)Very low (minimal side effects)Low (potential nausea)Very low
Best ForComprehensive cognitive enhancementNeuroprotection and natural brain healthMood, motivation, dopamine supportMemory consolidation and anxiety reduction
MechanismMultiple neurotransmitter systemsNerve growth factor stimulation

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References

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  2. Giurgea CE. The nootropic concept and its prospective implications · Drug Development Research · 1973doi:10.1002/ddr.430060505
  3. Winblad B. Piracetam: a review of pharmacological properties and clinical uses · CNS Drug Reviews · 2005doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2005.tb00268.x
  4. Baumel B, Eisner L, Karukin M, Dvorkin C, Bergman H, Cohen R, Bialik O. Oxiracetam in the treatment of primary degenerative and multi-infarct dementia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study · Psychopharmacology · 1989doi:10.1007/BF00442008
  5. Nakamura K, Kurasawa M. Aniracetam: its novel therapeutic potential in cerebrovascular disorders · CNS Drug Reviews · 2001doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2001.tb00199.x
  6. Copani A, Canonico PL, Nicoletti F. Modulation of AMPA receptors by nootropic drugs · Neuropharmacology · 1996doi:10.1016/0028-3908(95)00181-6
  7. Malykh AG, Sadaie MR. Pramiracetam: a review of its pharmacological properties and clinical uses · Drugs · 2010doi:10.2165/11319230-000000000-00000
  8. Koskiniemi M, Van Vleymen B, Hakkarainen H, Lamusuo S, Tenovuo O. Safety and tolerability of piracetam · Epilepsia · 1998doi:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1998.tb01680.x

Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before using any substance. If you experience adverse effects, contact your doctor or call 112 (Netherlands emergency).